Cervical spondylosis is a chronic degenerative condition affecting the cervical spine, characterized by the gradual deterioration of the intervertebral discs, the formation of osteophytes (bone spurs) along the vertebral bodies and facet joints, and degenerative changes in the supporting ligaments of the region. It is considered a natural consequence of aging; however, its progression may be accelerated by factors such as poor posture, repetitive microtrauma, occupational or athletic strain, and previous neck injuries.
The clinical presentation varies widely, ranging from mild neck pain and stiffness to more advanced symptoms, including headaches, pain radiating to the shoulders and upper limbs, tingling, numbness, or weakness. These symptoms may occur when degenerative changes cause irritation or compression of the nerve roots or, less commonly, pressure on the spinal cord.
Diagnosis is based on the patient's medical history, clinical examination, and imaging studies, usually beginning with cervical spine X-rays. In cases involving neurological symptoms, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often required to provide a more detailed evaluation of the spinal cord, nerve roots, and surrounding structures.
Treatment is primarily conservative and includes physical therapy, stretching and strengthening exercises, pain and anti-inflammatory medication, and lifestyle or ergonomic modifications. Surgical intervention is reserved for selected cases with persistent, progressive, or significant neurological symptoms that do not respond to non-surgical management.