Joint restriction

Joint motion restriction refers to the reduced ability of a joint to move through its normal physiological range of motion expected for an individual's age and level of activity. It may result from intra-articular causes, such as cartilage degeneration, osteophyte (bone spur) formation, or loose bodies within the joint, as well as extra-articular causes, including joint capsule fibrosis, shortening of the surrounding soft tissues, muscle contractures, or protective muscle spasm. Patients commonly experience pain, stiffness, and a sensation of tightness when attempting specific movements, which can significantly affect daily activities and overall functional capacity. Joint motion restriction may be temporary, as seen following an injury or surgical procedure, or permanent in cases of advanced degenerative joint disease or ankylosis. Clinical assessment involves measuring the joint's range of motion using goniometry and comparing the findings with normal reference values or the corresponding healthy joint. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and generally includes a structured physical therapy program focused on stretching, joint mobilization, and muscle strengthening. In more severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to restore mobility, relieve mechanical obstruction, and improve joint function.