Muscle atrophy is the gradual reduction in the size and volume of muscle tissue, usually accompanied by a corresponding decrease in muscle strength and endurance. In orthopedics, it most commonly develops as a result of prolonged immobilization of a joint or limb, such as after a fracture, surgical procedure, or injury, when the affected muscles remain inactive for an extended period. It may also occur due to chronic pain that limits movement, neurological injuries that impair the nerve supply to the muscle, degenerative disorders, or advanced age.
Clinically, muscle atrophy presents with visible loss of muscle bulk, weakness, reduced endurance during physical activity, and difficulty performing everyday movements. Early recognition is important, as prolonged muscle wasting can significantly delay functional recovery following an injury or surgery. Treatment is primarily based on a targeted rehabilitation program that includes progressive strengthening exercises, gradual mobilization, and functional training. In certain cases, additional methods such as neuromuscular electrical stimulation may be used to enhance muscle activation and accelerate the recovery of muscle mass and function.