Cervicogenic headache is a type of headache that does not originate primarily from intracranial structures but represents referred pain arising from pathological changes in the structures of the cervical spine, including the upper cervical joints, intervertebral discs, ligaments, and neck muscles. The underlying mechanism involves the convergence of sensory nerve pathways from the upper cervical nerve roots and the trigeminal nerve within the spinal cord, causing painful stimuli originating from cervical structures to be perceived as pain in the head.
It is commonly associated with degenerative changes of the cervical spine, poor posture, muscular overuse, or whiplash-type injuries. Characteristically, the pain usually begins in the upper neck or occipital region and may radiate toward the back, temporal, or frontal areas of the head. It is often unilateral and may worsen with specific neck movements or sustained cervical positions.
Diagnosis is based on the patient's medical history, clinical examination with particular attention to the cervical spine, and the exclusion of other causes of headache. Imaging studies of the cervical spine may support the diagnosis and help identify underlying structural abnormalities.
Treatment primarily focuses on conservative management, including physical therapy with targeted cervical mobilization techniques, stretching, and strengthening exercises. Postural correction, ergonomic modifications, and, when necessary, medication for pain control may also be included in the therapeutic approach.