Cervical stiffness refers to a sensation of restricted or difficult neck movement, usually accompanied by pain or discomfort when attempting movements such as rotation, flexion, or extension of the head.
It is most commonly caused by muscle spasm, which may result from poor posture, prolonged immobility, psychological stress, or sudden and unusual neck movements. It may also be associated with degenerative changes of the cervical spine, such as cervical spondylosis. Other possible causes include trauma, such as a whiplash injury, inflammatory disorders affecting the cervical joints, and, in rarer but more serious cases, infectious or inflammatory involvement of the meninges.
Cervical stiffness may be acute, appearing suddenly after an improper sleeping position or abrupt movement, or chronic, as part of long-term degenerative or mechanical stress affecting the cervical region.
Evaluation includes clinical examination with assessment of the range of motion and identification of painful areas. In persistent or concerning cases, imaging studies may be required to exclude more serious underlying pathology.
Treatment usually involves gentle mobilization, local heat application, physical therapy with targeted stretching and relaxation exercises for the cervical muscles, and correction of posture and ergonomics to prevent recurrence.