Ligament injuries (ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL)

Traumatic injuries of the knee ligaments involving the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (ACL, PCL) as well as the medial and lateral collateral ligaments (MCL, LCL), usually resulting from sports-related or high-energy traumatic mechanisms. They present with acute pain, swelling, hemarthrosis, and a sensation of joint instability or “giving way.”